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Albinism in horses
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Albinism in Horses
Thursday, 18 October 2012 @ 10:50

Albinism occurs in a lot of animals; mammals, reptile, birds, it even affects humans. As of yet, though, there have been no reported cases of albinism in horses. Many people think and even speak with confidence about owning or seeing an albino horse – but albinism has never been reported by any stud farm, there are NO true albinos! This article sets out to explore why that may be and exactly what these people are mistaking for albinos.

The definition of albino is:
A person or animal having a congenital absence of pigment in the skin and hair (which are white) and the eyes (typically pink).
Baring this in mind, I will explain why there are no true albino horses.


Basic horse genetics


A good place to start is with the basic colour genetics of horses. Understanding the foundations of coat colour genetics is important for understanding the coat colours people mistake for albinos.

The very basic colour genetics start with base colours; these are the colours black and chestnut. Dilution genes are added to create new colours. The most common dilution gene in horses in the Agouti gene which causes the bay colouring on a horse with a black base colour.

Bay - Caused by the Agouti gene, which restricts the black pigment to the legs, mane and tail.
Brown – Caused by a form of the Agouti gene which restricts the black pigment to soft areas of the body (sometimes called seal brown or tan)

Grey


Most commonly seen “white” horses are usually greys. They differ from real white horses in many ways.

Grey horses are born any ordinary colour (bay, black, chestnut etc.) Gradually over time they will “grey out” which is where more and more grey hairs appear in the coat, some grey horses get to a point where they look almost brilliant white, others will form dapples, or stay a steel grey colour for the majority of its life, and some older horses can form flicks of colour called “flea bitten grey”. The occurrence of “greying out” varies from horse to horse, some horses start to grey out at a young age of around 3 or 4 months old and some will show no signs of grey until several years later.

Grey horses which look brilliant white can be told apart from white horses by their skin colour. Because grey horses are born a darker colour they have darker skin (usually black or dark grey skin), these are noticeable around areas where the coat is thin, such as around the eyes, in the ears and the muzzle. Grey horses usually have brown eyes.


Extreme or Maximum Sabino

Sometimes Sabino horses are mistaken for white or even albino due to their eye colouring.

Sabino horses are a group of horses who have a white spotting pattern on their coats. There are many extremes of Sabino colour, in the heterozygous state there are usually only a few flicks of white. In the Homozygous state they can be almost completely white – and in some cases they are born completely white. Other colourings like Tobiano or Overo may be present in a heterozygous Sabino, which may make them appear mostly white. A horse which is both Tobiano and Sabino is referred to as Tovero. Sabino horses can have blue, partially blue or brown eyes – so it can be easy to mistake them for an albino (it’s important to note that true albinos have red, pink or violet eyes)


Cremello


Cremello horses are often mistaken for albino horses due to their pink coloured skin and blue eyes.

Much like bays, Cremello colouring is caused by a dilution gene – this gene is commonly called the cream dilute. Cremello is a double dilute which is derived from the base colour chestnut. Cremello horses have blue eyes and pink skin, they’re not exactly white (more an off white or cream colour) but can appear white.

Base colour
One cream dilute
Double dilute
Chestnut
Palomino
Cremello
Black
Smokey Black
Smokey Cream
Bay (Agouti dilute)
Buck skin
Perlino

(Double dilute information: http://www.doubledilute.com/color-chart.htm)



White


Finally, we are onto the white horse. The true white horse is caused by its own “white” gene.

In the existence of the dominant white gene (Ww) a horse will be born white. The skin will be pink; the eyes are usually brown (but can sometimes be blue). A true albino cannot produce any pigment therefore making the eyes red or pink. Since the eyes in a white horse are actually brown, therefore not lacking pigment, it would be incorrect to call a white horse albino. They are not truly albino! Horses with ww (non-dominant white) will not be white.

Lethal White


The white gene is truly dangerous in horses – this may offer an explanation as to why there are no albino horses alive today!

There are two types of lethal white: Embryonic Lethal White and Overo Lethal White.

Embryonic Lethal White
Some theories suggest that in the presence of the homozygous dominant white gene (2 dominant white genes, WW), the foetus will be naturally absorbed by the mare in early pregnancy. Since no horse has ever survived past early foetal stages with this gene, we are not sure whether it would be the albino gene or not, although it is likely this is the case. It is not clear what causes this to happen.

Overo Lethal White
In the presence of the homozygous dominant Overo gene, outwardly healthy foals die within the first few days of life. This is due to the defective Overo gene (frame Overo) which is passed on by both parents.


Hopefully this has explained why there are no albino horses, while also explaining why what you may have thought was albino is not!


posted by lbftw  


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Intactivism: Where your religious rights stop
Thursday, 4 October 2012 @ 16:07

A lot of people excuse circumcision, and reject the ban because of religious freedom. Where do your religious rights end? Why are religious rights of an adult more important than the bodily rights of a child?

Everyone has rights, from the minute they are born they have a set of basic human rights. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of persons. In fact, it is seen as a basic human right that everyone should be allowed to be whole. Religious rights refer to yourself and your own religion, but they should NOT infringe someone else's basic human rights. Where your religion may be harming the rights of someone else, that is where they stop.

So let us look at circumcision, then. Is it required by religion? Yes that has been seen. Does it harm another human being? Yes it harms the young boy who is having it done. Is the one being harmed the one choosing it? Nope. 

Your religious practices which are seen as damaging to other people, you do not have the right to practise under the human rights law, because it infringes the rights of another human being. And in this case permanently!

For example, we do not allow people to stone each other now, yet it is almost certainly required in the bible. For adultery, blasphemy, for a women who is not a virgin!

"And he that blasphemeth the name of the LORD, he shall surely be put to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him." Leviticus 24:16

If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her; Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city. Deuteronomy 22:23-24

"If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her ... and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid: Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate: And the damsel's father shall say ... these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city. ... But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel: Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die." Deuteronomy 22:13-21


Do we allow this to happen? Why on earth not? Perhaps it is because stoning someone is against their human rights? But is also against your religious rights? Is it not?

There are things in the bible which are no longer done because they harm people, but they are still laws which are written. In today's society it is important to protect people from harm, especially if they are unable to speak for themselves. Which rights are more important? An adults religious expression on which they perform a harmful act on someone else? Or a child's right to be free from harm, and to be allowed to decided if they want to have body modifications done when they are able to understand. Many religious people are now jumping on the intactivist band wagon, and giving their children their very own religious freedom! Isn't that fantastic?

It is very important to note that, a body modification like this is permanent. It has affects on the child later in life as well as right now in his life. He may never choose to be Jewish or Muslim, but if he does he can have a circumcision as an adult. If you leave them intact they can make an informed choice for themselves! :)

In conclusion: You can swing your arm around as much as you like, but your fist stops where another person's nose starts! 

posted by lbftw  


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